Research Methods संशोधन पद्धत

 Research methods

 Content :

Known facts and relationship

- Biology , Psychology, Geology etc.

 Process:

 Activity that includes ,

1. Systematic collection of data

 2. Determination of relationship 

3. Offering explanation 

Research :

Active and systematic process of inquiry aimed at discovering, interpreting and revising facts related to science.

 Research includes :

Collection of information about a particular subject associates with science.

 Research means :

" To investigate thoroughly"

A.) Basic Research:

Also called Fundamental Research or Pure Research

Objectives:

Advancement of Knowledge and understanding the relation among variable.

1. Exploratory 

2. Knowledge oriented

3. No practical end-- results useful for Practical application.

4.Generates theory

5. Provide foundation for applied research

Example:

1  Flora/fauna of the region,

2. Anatomy of individual groups Ecology,

3. Airobiology,

4.Biodiversity, etc.

B.) Applied Research:

- Undertaken to solve practical questions.

- Usually descriptive, done on the basis of basic Research.

e.g.

Electronics, 

Biotechnology,

Material Science,

Drug design.

Questions:

What, Where, When,Why, Which, How?

X X

Research methods:

 Scope:  To produce new knowledge

 Types : 

1. Exploratory Research :

 New problem structured/ identified

2. Constructive Research : 

New solution to the problem can be developed .

3. Empirical Research:

 Empirical evidence on existing solution can be provided.

Method used

 1. Action Research

 2. Case study

 3. Classification

4.  Experience 

5. Experiments

 6. Interviews

 7. Map making ( Figures, Illustrations) 

8. Observations

9. Measurement

10. Count 

11. Mathematical models

 12. Statistical survey and data analysis

Research Process Steps:

1.Formation of the topic

 2. Hypothesis 

3. Definitions - Conceptual /Operational 

4. Collection of data 

5. Analysis of data 

6.Discussion

 7. Interpretation

 8. Conclusion 

9. Hypothesis 

10. Presentation-  Publication - Thesis, Article, Research paper and Presentation

X X

Research Methodology

1. Experimental 

2. Collection 

3. Observation 

4. Survey 

5. Case study

Presentation ( Thesis ):

1. Introduction : 

A. of research problem 

B. of objective 

C. of methodology

2. Review of Literature

 1. Review of previous work

 2. Related to research problem 

3. Related to Methodology 

A  Definition

 B. Explanation

C. Justification 

D. Related to result

3. Method ( Materials and Methods ) 

( Experimental)

a. How the result where achieved 

b. Experimental procedure

 c. Materials used

 d. How /when /from where /why/ which materials was used 

e. How the data was collected

f. How the data was analyzed.

Results and Discussions

A  Presentation of Results

1. Photographs 

2. Illustrations 

3. Graphs

4. Tables 

5. Flow diagrams 

6. Charts 

7. Histograms

B.  Interrelations

C. Discussion in views of earlier work and result obtained 

D. Comparison with the result in previous results.

Summary

1. Events 

2. Problems to be solved 

3. Methods adopted 

4. Result obtained 

5. Discussion

Conclusions

1. Has the problem solved 

2. To What extent have the objectives been achieved

 3. What has been learned 

4. What has been concluded

 5. How can this knowledge be used 

6. What are the short comings

7. Further considerations

8. Further lines/scope of research 

X X

Research steps

1. Before you start

Background of Research Physical requirements Supervisor

2. Finding a topic

a. What to do 

b  Do not ask supervisor, " What should I research"

3. Your points of departure

A. Epistemological summary -Ontological - your nature - aspects 

B  What is truth ?

C. Where can one find it ?

4.  Method Selection

a. Quantitative b. Qualitative c. Mixed

5. Writing a proposal

a. Language b. Logic c. Research Proposal

6. Ethical/ Practical

How to work within rules ?

7. Literature Survey

How /w/Why of literature

8. Quantitative methods

9. Qualitative methods

a. Advantages        b. Disadvantages      c. Tools    d. Methods

10. Writing the Thesis

a  Language 

b. Logics

c. Structure - 1. Result 2. Discussion 3. Summary 4.  Conclusion

11. The oral detence

Expectations during doctoral detence

12. The Conference

A.  How to present Research Paper 

B. How to publish Research Paper

Comments and share